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Geology, geochronology, and geochemistry of the Miocene–Pliocene Ancestral Cascades arc, northern Sierra Nevada, California and Nevada: The roles of the upper mantle, subducting slab, and the Sierra Nevada lithosphere

¹ Department of Earth Sciences, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S5B6, Canada
² Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
³ Department of Earth Sciences, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S5B6, Canada

Correspondence: *Cousens, corresponding author: bcousens{at}earthsci.carleton.ca. Prytulak, present address: University of Oxford, Department of Earth Sciences, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PR, UK. Brownrigg, present address: Fugro Airborne Surveys, 2191 Thurston Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1G6C9, Canada.

The assemblage of ca. 28–3 Ma volcanic rocks exposed in the Lake Tahoe–Reno region of the northern Sierra Nevada, United States, is interpreted to be part of the Ancestral Cascades volcanic arc. The volcanic rocks are commonly highly porphyritic, including abundant plagioclase with clinopyroxene, amphibole, and rare biotite, and range from basaltic andesite to dacite in composition. Less common are poorly phyric, olivine- and clinopyroxene-bearing basalts and basaltic andesites. Porphyritic lavas dominate composite volcanic centers, whereas the poorly phyric lavas form isolated cinder cone and lava flow complexes. Tahoe-Reno arc lavas are calc-alkaline, enriched in the large ion lithophile elements but depleted in Nb and Ta relative to the light rare earth elements, and have highly variable radiogenic isotopic compositions. Compared to the modern south Cascade arc, Tahoe-Reno region basalts are enriched in the light rare earth and large ion lithophile elements and have higher ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and lower ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd that are consistent with an old, subduction-modified lithospheric mantle source, such as that proposed for lavas of the Western Great Basin. Melting of the lithospheric mantle may be enhanced by fluid flux from the subducting slab if the Juan de Fuca slab dip is shallow. Andesites and dacites evolved from basaltic magmas by a combination of fractional crystallization and assimilation of lower crustal melts. Available geochronological data indicate that the westward sweep of Cenozoic volcanism through Nevada was associated with steepening of the slab dip, but the dip angle was lower during Miocene–Pliocene arc volcanism than it is today beneath the modern south Cascades.