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High-resolution simulation of basin-scale nitrate transport considering aquifer system heterogeneity

¹ Atmospheric, Earth, and Energy Department, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
² Chemical Biology and Nuclear Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA

View larger version (56K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 1. Map showing nitrate concentrations and location of Llagas subbasin in Santa Clara County, California, relative to Santa Clara Valley and the city of San Jose (Santa Clara Valley Water District, 2002).

View larger version (74K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 2. Posting of well driller log data used for this study. Data are categorized into aquifer, aquitard, and interbedded hydrofacies.

View larger version (36K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 3. Outline of Llagas subbasin showing confined and unconfined groundwater-flow regimes, flow and transport model area, and groundwater elevation contours for spring 2001. SCVWD—Santa Clara Valley Water District.

View larger version (72K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 4. Geostatistical realization of hydrofacies architecture for Llagas subbasin.

View larger version (20K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 5. Vertical-direction hydrofacies transition probability measurements and Markov chain model.

View larger version (69K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 6. Geostatistical realization of hydraulic conductivity for Llagas subbasin.

View larger version (34K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 7. Simulated hydraulic head and pumping well locations for homogeneous model. Numbered well locations indicate wells where significant nitrate breakthrough is simulated.

View larger version (40K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 8. Simulated hydraulic head and pumping well locations for heterogeneous model. Numbered well locations indicate wells where significant nitrate breakthrough is simulated.

View larger version (51K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 9. Locations of hypothetical nitrate loading sources for simulation. MCL—maximum contaminant limit.

View larger version (25K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 10. Nitrate loading source functions over time.

View larger version (72K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 11. Three-dimensional view of simulated nitrate concentrations at years 1965, 2045, and 2145 (20, 100, and 200 yr since assumed beginning of nitrate loading).

View larger version (41K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 12. Simulated nitrate breakthrough curves (of anthropogenic nitrate concentration against time) for wells that exhibit peak anthropogenic nitrate concentrations of greater than 0.1 mg/L as nitrate.

View larger version (38K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Animation 1. Simulated nitrate transport at 5-year increments between 1945 and 2045 for the hypothetical nitrate loading scenario in Llagas subbasin with homogeneous and heterogeneous conceptual models. If you are viewing the PDF, or if you are reading this offline, please visit www.gsajournals.org or http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/GES00032.S1 to view the animation.